Thaindian News

Washington, April 6 (ANI): Two recent studies have suggested that diabetes or lipid-lowering medications may play roles in the treatment of nicotine and alcohol addiction by acting in the brain.

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) are a class of medications that are commonly prescribed to treat type-2 diabetes, while fibrates are a structurally-related class of medications that are prescribed to modulate lipid levels in both diabetic and non-diabetic patients to help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

These drugs work by binding to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), with TZDs reducing insulin resistance and lowering the levels of cytokines that promote inflammation, and fibrates reducing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride levels and increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels to help prevent the development of cardiovascular disease.

Another effect of TZDs and fibrates is to raise leptin levels, an effect that may reduce appetite.

Recent studies also suggest that PPARs are expressed in the central nervous system, particularly in brain regions implicated in reward.

Now, the new studies have suggested that drugs that stimulate two different subclasses of PPARs, PPAR-? and PPAR-?, may play roles in the treatment of nicotine and alcohol addiction by acting in the brain.

The first study, by Mascia and colleagues, used a multi-pronged approach to demonstrate that nicotine’s addictive effects can be counteracted by drugs that activate PPAR-a.

In both rats and monkeys, these drugs reduced nicotine intake and relapse to nicotine seeking after a period of abstinence. They also prevented nicotine from altering electrical activity and neurochemical levels in addiction-related brain areas.

In the second study, Stopponi and colleagues used pioglitazone to evaluate its effects on alcohol drinking, relapse-like behavior, and withdrawal in rats. Pioglitazone activates PPAR-? and is an FDA-approved medication for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Corresponding author Roberto Ciccocioppo detailed their findings, “We demonstrated that activation of PPAR-g receptors by pioglitazone potently reduces alcohol consumption in a rat model of excessive drinking. We also found that pioglitazone abolishes alcohol craving elicited by exposure to stress and prevented the expression of somatic signs of alcohol withdrawal.”

The studies have been recently published in Biological Psychiatry. (ANI)